VIII M-IV-Y  是由 H.L. Yoh  公司设计的 7 辆坦克之一。设计于 1953 年 6 月 T95 系列开发开始后提出。按计划,这辆坦克完全由美国制造,拥有铸造车体和附带 105 毫米火炮的炮塔,能够搭载 4 名乘员,总重量为 47 吨。

这辆坦克最显著的特征是摆动式炮塔覆盖着装甲,能够降低受损和故障的可能。

尽管具备被制造出来的可能,但是这个设计在设计阶段就被终止,没有生产出原型车。

一起来看看它在《坦克世界》中的详情吧!

页面最近更新:2022 年 3 月 18 日

显示的参数适用于每名乘员的主要专精等级训练到100%的战车。部分战车属性可以通过车长主要专精等级加成、乘员特长和技能以及特殊游戏内道具来进一步强化。
主要属性
火力
生存能力
机动性
M-IV-Y
VIII
平均伤害
360/360/440
平均穿透力
220/250/53
毫米
血量
1500
最高速度/倒车速度
45/18
公里/小时
车长(通信兵)
炮手
驾驶员
装填手
火力
平均伤害
360/360/440
弹药
45
平均穿透力
220/250/53
毫米
火炮装填时间
11.3
在100米距离的误差
0.4
火炮俯/仰角
−10/20
瞄准时间
2.5
炮弹类型
炮弹速度
AP
1000
米/秒
APCR
1200
米/秒
HE
800
米/秒
生存能力
战车移动时的隐蔽性
1.65/0.33
%
血量
1500
战车静止时的隐蔽性
3.31/0.65
%
车体装甲
178/76/51
毫米
通信范围
745
炮塔装甲
279/241/38
毫米
视野范围
380
炮塔转向速度
35
度/秒
机动性
发动机功率
850
马力
推重比
18.1
马力/吨
转向速度
35
度/秒
最高速度/倒车速度
45/18
公里/小时
   

车辆概览

和历史版本一样,《坦克世界》也有“备用履带”机制。当普通装甲车的履带损毁时,它们将无法移动。玩家们需等待修复结束后才能重新移动。

“备用履带”机制

得益于“备用履带”,M-IV-Y 在履带被击毁后仍然能够继续移动

虽然拥有“备用机制”的车辆在履带受损后能够移动,这并不意味着无法让它们动弹不得。

如果主要备用履带都被击毁,M-IV-Y 将无法移动。备用履带装载于车体尾部。同时击毁两组履带虽然非常少见,但并非完全不可能。

当 M-IV-Y 使用备用履带时,移动速度将降低,但为您争取了逃跑机会。

防御

在防御方面,首先要注意的是 M-IV-Y 巨大的摇摆式炮塔很容易成为敌人的目标。另外,炮塔上部的车长圆顶很容易被约 135 毫米口径的火炮穿透。不过炮塔底部的间隔装甲厚度不低于 280 毫米,这多少是一个安慰。

和大多数车辆一样,其车体前部较弱。由于其正面有弧度,侧摆并不会提升它的防御力。

游戏技巧

M-IV-Y 最大的优势绝不在防御。它并不擅长近战,因此请同敌人保持一定距离,但不可过远,因为它无法扮演狙击手的角色。

在战斗中期突破前线后,“备用履带”系统将发挥它的优势。

在此之前,注意在中距离位置支援您的盟军,小心四周,根据自身剩余血量承担风险。

优点:

  • 可利用备用履带避免失去行动能力
  • 出色的炮塔座圈装甲
  • 出色的单发伤害
  • 出色的火炮仰角
  • 多功能表现

弱点:

  • 炮塔上部和车长圆顶
  • 移动和转动时散布误差较大
  • 散布误差较高
  • 机动性较差

 

破釜沉舟

在车辆的生命值低于 10% 时,可提高火炮的装填速度。

兄弟连

提高全员的主要特长和技能效果。

兄弟团

提高全员的主要特长和技能效果。

最后的电波

使战车被毁但未阵亡的通信兵能够继续报告敌人的位置,持续两秒钟。

甩尾

提高战车的转向速度。

伪装

降低战车的可见性。

专注撞击

减小在撞击中自己受到的伤害并增加对敌军车辆的伤害。

狙击手

增加重创敌人车辆模块和车组乘员的几率。

复仇女神

使目标车辆可见时间延长 2 秒钟

鹰眼

视野范围内是车长能够鉴别出目标是否受到重伤。

灭火

强化灭火能力。

直觉

车长能获知自己的战车是否已被敌方发现。

多面手

车长将掌握各乘员的主要技能,并可在其他车组乘员受伤后。接替该名乘员继续操作坦克。

老兵

除车长以外的所有乘员都获得额外的战斗经验。

越野

降低在软性和中性地面行驶时地形所造成的压力。

引擎保养

通过防止发动机燃油泄漏,降低发动机起火的机率。

侦查

提高车辆视野范围。

通联中继

增加信号范围内与友军的通讯距离。

修复

加快对损坏的装备的修复速度。

安全装载

增加了弹药架耐久度:炮弹相互之间将减少磕碰。

信号增强

增加通信距离。

态势感知

提高视野范围。

第六感

车长能获知自己的战车是否已被敌方侦查。

平稳驾驶

提高在移动时的射击精度。

人工稳定

在炮塔旋转过程中能够提高准确性。

附加履带齿

提高在软性和中性地面上的机动性。

炮队镜

 + 25% 静止时的视野范围。但不超过 445 米。

伪装网

战车静止时,降低被发现的几率。

改进型炮控系统

+10% 瞄准速度。

高级光学观察镜

 + 10% 视野范围。但不超过 445 米。

坦克炮输弹机

减少装填时间。

防崩落内衬

增加装甲对爆炸和冲撞的伤害吸收。

工具箱

提高修理速度。

改进型通风系统

提高乘员技能和特长效果。

垂直稳定器

车身和炮塔转动时及移动时的散布误差。

“水套”

提高弹药架耐久度。

改进型战车硬化

修复完全恢复悬挂血量。

增加悬挂负载能力。

增加车辆血量。

提高悬挂耐久度。

降低由于悬挂受损,在撞击过程中车身受到的伤害。

加快悬挂修复速度。

改进型转动机制

提高车身和炮塔转向速度。

降低车身移动、转向以及炮塔转向时的散布误差。

越野

在柔软和相对柔软的地形上行驶时,这个技能能够降低地面阻力。较低的地面足底能够提升车辆的机动性和加速度。这个技能和附加履带齿一起使用时更有效。

效果随技能等级增加而提升。

Slot Category: Survivability

When you install an equipment of matching type in this slot, the equipment's performance will be boosted.

Slot Category: Mobility

When you install an equipment of matching type in this slot, the equipment's performance will be boosted.

Slot Category: Firepower

When you install an equipment of matching type in this slot, the equipment's performance will be boosted.

Slot Category: Scouting

When you install an equipment of matching type in this slot, the equipment's performance will be boosted.

Improved Ventilator

+5% / +6% to all crew skills.


sd

输弹机

-10% / -11.5% 装填时间


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

改进型炮控系统

+10% / -11.5% 瞄准速度


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

垂直稳定器

-20% / -23% 车辆移动和转向时的散布误差


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

改进型瞄准镜

-5% / -7%  瞄准圈大小


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

改进型转动机制

-10% / -12.5% 车辆移动和转向时,以及炮塔转动时的散布误差

+10% / +12.5% 车体和炮塔的转向速度


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Spall Liner

+50% / +60% to HE-shell and ramming damage.

+50% / +60% to to protection of crew from injuries.

-10% / -15% to stun duration.

-20% / -25% to additional stun duration.


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

改进型战车硬化

修复后完全恢复悬挂生命值

+8% / +10% 车辆生命值

+50% / +65% 悬挂耐久度

-50% / -65% 在冲击过程中由于悬挂受损造成的车体伤害

+15% / +20% 悬挂修复速度


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Modified Configuration

Prevents one fuel tank fire, ammo rack explosion, or engine destruction in one battle.

+100% / +150% to ammo rack, fuel tank, and engine durability

-50% / -65% to the damaged ammo rack penalty and damaged engine penalty.

・エンジンの火災発生率:-50% / -65% to the chance of engine fire.

・修理速度:+25% / +35% to repair speed.


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Additional Grousers

+15% / +20% to hull traverse speed.

+10% / +15% to maintaining speed.

※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

涡轮增压器

+7.5% / +10% 发动机功率

+4公里/小时 / +5公里/小时 最高前进速度

+2公里/小时 / +3公里/小时 倒车速度


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Binocular Telescope

・=+25% / +27.5% to


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Coated Optics

+10% / +11.5% to view range of a stationary vehicle


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Camouflage Net

・Reduces the detection chance of a stationary vehicle:

+5% / +7.5% to heavy tanks and SPGs.

+10% / +12.5% to light and medium tanks.

+15% / +17.5% to tank destroyers.


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Low Noise Exhaust System

・Reduces the visibility of a stationary or moving vehicle:

+3% / +4% to heavy tanks and SPGs.

+6% / +8% to light and medium tanks.

+5% / +6% to tank destroyers.


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Improved Radio Set

+1.5s / +2s to the duration an enemy vehicle is visible.

-1.5s / -2s to the duration your vehicle is visible to the enemy.


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Commander's Vision System

-10% / -12.5% to concealment of moving enemy vehicles.

-15% / -20% to concealment of enemy vehicles behind foliage.


※第一个数值为基础效果。第二个数值为装备和槽位匹配时的提升效果。

Field Modifications

Module Durability Increase

・Damaged ammo rack penalty and damaged engine penalty:-50%

・Dispersion of the damaged gun:-20%

・Hull traverse speed:-4% 

・Turret traverse speed:-4% 

Light Alloy Mounting Points

・Hull traverse speed:+4% 

・Turret traverse speed:+4% 

・Damaged ammo rack penalty and damaged engine penalty:+50% 

・Dispersion of the damaged gun:+20% 

SUspension Arm Tuning

・Dispersal during movement and hull traversal:-3% 

・Dispersal during hull traversal:-3% 

・Accuracy:-2% 

Improved Sight

・Accuracy:+2% 

・Dispersal during movement and hull traversal:+3% 

・Dispersal during hull traversal:+3% 

Turbo Charger Tuning

・Reverse speed:+2公里/小时

・Suspension repair speed:+5%

・Concealment:-3%

Anti-reflective Headlights Coating

・Concealment:+3%

・Reverse speed:-2公里/小时

・Suspension repair speed:-5%

Loading Mechanism Tuning

・装填時間:-3% 

・照準サークルのサイズ:+5% 

推荐装备

标准装备


将光标悬停在每个图标上以查看详情

敌人将瞄准车长圆顶。改进型战车硬化将为车辆提供额外血量,使其能够承受更多伤害。如果您擅长躲避设计,可将改进型战车硬化替换为改进装填时间、转向速度或散布误差的装备。

垂直稳定器将改进散布误差和瞄准问题。

涡轮增压器能够提升加速度和倒车速度。结合垂直稳定器,车辆能够更顺利地执行突袭和撤退策略。

Slot Category: Survivability

When you install an equipment of matching type in this slot, the equipment's performance will be boosted.

Slot Category: Mobility

When you install an equipment of matching type in this slot, the equipment's performance will be boosted.

Slot Category: Firepower

When you install an equipment of matching type in this slot, the equipment's performance will be boosted.

Slot Category: Scouting

When you install an equipment of matching type in this slot, the equipment's performance will be boosted.

Improved Ventilator

+5% / +6% to all crew skills.


Gun Rammer

-10% / -11.5% to loading time.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Enhanced Gun Laying Drive

+10% / -11.5% to aiming speed.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Vertical Stabalizer

-20% / -23% to dispersion during vehicle movement and traversal.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Improved Aiming

-5% / -7% to the aiming circle size.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Improved Rotation Mechanism

-10% / -12.5% to dispersion during vehicle movement and traversal, as well as during turret rotation.

+10% / +12.5% to hull and turret traverse speed.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Spall Liner

+50% / +60% to HE-shell and ramming damage.

+50% / +60% to to protection of crew from injuries.

-10% / -15% to stun duration.

-20% / -25% to additional stun duration.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Improved Hardening

Fully restores suspension hit points after repairs.

+8% / +10% to vehicle hit points.

+50% / +65% to suspension durability.

-50% / -65% to hull damage caused by suspension damage during impact.

+15% / +20% to suspension repair speed.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Modified Configuration

Prevents one fuel tank fire, ammo rack explosion, or engine destruction in one battle.

+100% / +150% to ammo rack, fuel tank, and engine durability

-50% / -65% to the damaged ammo rack penalty and damaged engine penalty.

・エンジンの火災発生率:-50% / -65% to the chance of engine fire.

・修理速度:+25% / +35% to repair speed.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Additional Grousers

+15% / +20% to hull traverse speed.

+10% / +15% to maintaining speed.

※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Turbocharger

+7.5% / +10% to engine power.

+4km/h / +5km/h to top forward speed.

+2km/h / +3km/h to reverse speed.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Binocular Telescope

・=+25% / +27.5% to


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Coated Optics

+10% / +11.5% to view range of a stationary vehicle


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Camouflage Net

・Reduces the detection chance of a stationary vehicle:

+5% / +7.5% to heavy tanks and SPGs.

+10% / +12.5% to light and medium tanks.

+15% / +17.5% to tank destroyers.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Low Noise Exhaust System

・Reduces the visibility of a stationary or moving vehicle:

+3% / +4% to heavy tanks and SPGs.

+6% / +8% to light and medium tanks.

+5% / +6% to tank destroyers.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Improved Radio Set

+1.5s / +2s to the duration an enemy vehicle is visible.

-1.5s / -2s to the duration your vehicle is visible to the enemy.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Commander's Vision System

-10% / -12.5% to concealment of moving enemy vehicles.

-15% / -20% to concealment of enemy vehicles behind foliage.


※The first value is the base effect. The second value is the improved effect, achieved when the equipment and slot category matches.

Field Modifications

Module Durability Increase

・Damaged ammo rack penalty and damaged engine penalty:-50%

・Dispersion of the damaged gun:-20%

・Hull traverse speed:-4% 

・Turret traverse speed:-4% 

Light Alloy Mounting Points

・Hull traverse speed:+4% 

・Turret traverse speed:+4% 

・Damaged ammo rack penalty and damaged engine penalty:+50% 

・Dispersion of the damaged gun:+20% 

SUspension Arm Tuning

・Dispersal during movement and hull traversal:-3% 

・Dispersal during hull traversal:-3% 

・Accuracy:-2% 

Improved Sight

・Accuracy:+2% 

・Dispersal during movement and hull traversal:+3% 

・Dispersal during hull traversal:+3% 

Turbo Charger Tuning

・Reverse speed:+2km/h

・Suspension repair speed:+5%

・Concealment:-3%

Anti-reflective Headlights Coating

・Concealment:+3%

・Reverse speed:-2km/h

・Suspension repair speed:-5%

Loading Mechanism Tuning

・装填時間:-3% 

・照準サークルのサイズ:+5% 

試作型照準装置

・照準サークルのサイズ:-5% 

・装填時間:+3%

強化型動力機構

・エンジン出力:+5% 

・照準速度:-5% 

電力式補正装置

・照準速度:+5% 

・エンジン出力:-5% 

燃料噴射用試作ノズル

・最大前進速度:+2km/h 

・視認範囲:-3% 

高精密観測装置

・視認範囲:+3% 

・最大前進速度:-2km/h 

増強型補助転輪

・サスペンションの耐久性:+30% 

・サスペンションの修理速度:-10% 

・車体の旋回速度:-5% 

軽量型補助転輪

・サスペンションの修理速度:+10% 

・車体の旋回速度:+5% 

・サスペンションの耐久性:-30% 

全地盤対応型サスペンション

・全地盤タイプでの速度維持性能:+7% 

・車体の旋回速度:-5% 

・サスペンションの耐久性:-10% 

軽量型サスペンション

・全地盤タイプでの速度維持性能:-7% 

・車体の旋回速度:+5% 

・サスペンションの耐久性:+10% 

視差自動補正装置

・照準サークルのサイズ:-3% 

・照準速度:-5% 

超高強度照準ギア

・照準速度:+5% 

・照準サークルのサイズ:+3% 

試作型緩衝材

・スタン時間:-10% 

・追加スタン時間:-15% 

・視認範囲:-3% 

電子式潜望鏡

・視認範囲:+3% 

・スタン時間:+10% 

・追加スタン時間:+15% 

耐衝撃装甲剤

・爆風や体当たりによるダメージ:-15% 

・スタン時間:-8% 

・搭乗員の保護:+20% 

・車体の旋回速度:-5% 

・最大前進速度:-2km/h 

軽量型装甲剤

・車体の旋回速度:+5% 

・最大前進速度:+2km/h 

・爆風や体当たりによるダメージ:+15% 

・スタン時間:+8% 

・搭乗員の保護:-20% 

取付式緩衝装置

・内部モジュールの耐久性:+30% 

・修理速度:+5% 

・主砲または砲塔の旋回速度:-5% 

・主砲旋回中の散布界:+5% 

軽量型試作砲架

・主砲または砲塔の旋回速度:+5% 

・主砲旋回中の散布界:-5% 

・内部モジュールの耐久性:-30% 

・修理速度:-5% 

乘员技能和特长

乘员 第 1 第 2 第 3
车长
炮手
驾驶员
装填手

将光标悬停在每个图标上以查看详情。

学习“第六感”对车长来说必不可少。

接着让所有乘员学习“修复”。虽然 M-IV-Y 拥有别用履带机制,但当主履带损坏时,移动速度将降低。学习“修复”能够减少修理所需的时间。

第二个技能/特长可选择能够减少散布误差提高射击准度的学习。让您的炮手学习“速射”,驾驶员学习“平稳驾驶”。同时,可以让您的装填手学习“直觉”以提升切换炮弹类型的速度——让您有更多时间对付轻装甲敌人。

Repair

This Skill accelerates repairs to damaged modules.

Effectiveness increases with skill level.

Camouflage

This Skill reduces vehicle visibility.

Effectiveness increases with skill level.

Firefighting

This Skill enhances firefighting abilities.

Effectiveness increases with skill level.

Brothers in Arms

This Perk improves major qualifications and all Skills for the entire Crew. The Perk is more effective when combined with Improved Ventilation, Extra Combat Rations, Chocolate, Case of Cola, and Strong Coffee.

This Perk comes into effect after it reaches 100% for the entire Crew.

Band of Brothers

This Perk improves major qualifications and all Skills for the entire Crew.

This is a Perk. Perks only take effect once it reaches 100%.

This works even if another crew member has acquired the "Brothers in Arms" Perk.

Sixth Sense

This Perk allows the Commander to identify whether the vehicle is detected by the enemy.

Sixth Sense comes into effect after it reaches 100%.

Recon

This Skill increases Maximum View Range. Recon is more effective if observation devices are damaged, or when combined with Situational Awareness, Coated Optics and Binocular Telescope.

Effectiveness increases with skill level.

Mentor

This Skill provides additional XP to all Crew members except the Commander. 

The amount of Experience increases with Skill level.

Eagle Eye

This Perk allows the Commander to identify critically damaged modules on targeted vehicles.

Eagle Eye comes into effect after it reaches 100%.

Jack of All Trades 

This Skill enables the Commander to master every qualification and replace knocked-out Crew members.

Snap Shot

This Skill improves accuracy during turret rotation. Snap Shot is more effective when combined with Vertical Stabilizer.

The effect increases with Skill level. If two Gunners have the Skill, only the higher rating is effective.

Designated Target

This Perk makes targeted enemy vehicles visible for two more seconds. 

Designated Target comes into effect after it reaches 100%. If two Gunners have the Perk, the effect is not cumulative.

Deadeye 

This Perk increases the chance to critically damage enemy vehicle modules and Crew. 

Deadeye comes into effect after it reaches 100%, and is only effective with AP and APCR shells.

Smooth Ride

This Skill improves accuracy when firing on the move. Smooth Ride does not affect the vehicle when stationary or rotating, and is more effective when combined with Vertical Stabilizer.

Effectiveness increases with skill level.

Off-Road Driving 

This Skill reduces ground resistance when driving on soft and moderately soft terrain. Lower ground resistance increases vehicle maneuverability and acceleration. The Skill is more effective when combined with Additional Grousers.

The effect increases with Skill level.

Clutch Braking

This Skill increases vehicle rotation speed. Clutch Breaking is more effective when combined with Additional Grousers, Lend-Lease Oil, Removed Speed Governor, 100-octane Gasoline, and 105-octane Gasoline.

Effectiveness increases with skill level

Preventative Maintenance

The Perk reduces the chance of engine fire by preventing gas or oil leakage in the engine compartment. 

The Perk comes into effect after it reaches 100%.

Controlled Impact

This Skill decreases ramming damage to your vehicle and increases ramming damage to an enemy vehicle. Controlled Impact is effective only while both vehicles are in motion, except when two allied vehicles collide.

The effect increases with Skill level.

Situational Awareness

This Skill extends View Range. Situational Awareness is more effective when combined with Recon.

The effect increases with Skill level. If two Radio Operators have the Skill, only the higher rating is effective.

Call for Vengeance

This Perk enables a Radio Operator who survived the destruction of his vehicle to report enemy positions for another two seconds. 

Call for Vengeance comes into effect after it reaches 100%. If two Radio Operators have the Perk, the effect is not cumulative.

Signal Boosting

This Skill extends Signal Range. 

The effect increases with Skill level. If two Radio Operators have the Skill, only the higher rating is effective.

Relaying 

This Skill extends Signal Range of allied communications within vehicle's radio coverage. If two Radio Operators have the Skill, only the higher rating is effective.

The effect increases with Skill level.

Safe Stowage

This Perk increases ammo rack durability (the shells do not come into contact with each other).  This Perk is more effective when combined with "Wet" Ammo Rack.

Safe Stowage comes into effect after it reaches 100%. If two Loaders have the Perk, the effect is not cumulative.

Adrenaline Rush

This Perk accelerates gun loading if the vehicle has less than 10% of its hit points left. Adrenaline Rush is more effective when combined with Gun Rammer.

Adrenaline Rush comes into effect after it reaches 100%. If two Loaders have the Perk, the effect is not cumulative.

Intuition

This Perk creates a chance that the proper shell is already loaded when switching between shell types. The gun must be completely loaded before the Perk can be used again. 

Intuition comes into effect after it reaches 100%. If two Loaders have the Perk, the effect is not cumulative.

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